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A ''coup d'état'' ( ; , literally "blow of state"; plural: ''coups d'état'', pronounced like the singular form), also known simply as a coup (), or an overthrow, is the sudden and illegal seizure of a state, usually instigated by a small group of the existing government establishment to depose the established regime and replace it with a new ruling body. A coup d'état is considered successful when the usurpers establish their dominance. If a coup fails, a civil war may ensue. A coup d'état typically uses the extant government's power to assume political control of a country. In ''Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook, ''military historian Edward Luttwak states that a coup "consists of the infiltration of a small, but critical, segment of the state apparatus, which is then used to displace the government from its control of the remainder". The armed forces, whether military or paramilitary, can be a defining factor of a coup d'état. ==Etymology== The phrase ''coup d'État'' ((:ku deta)) is French, literally meaning a "stroke of state" or "blow against the state". In French the word "État", denoting a sovereign political entity, is capitalized.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Banque de dépannage linguistique – état )〕 Although the coup d'état has featured in politics since antiquity, the phrase is of relatively recent coinage;〔Julius Caesar's civil war, 5 January 49 BC.〕 the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' identifies it as a French expression meaning a "stroke of State". The phrase did not appear within an English text before the nineteenth century except when used in translation of a French source, there being no simple phrase in English to convey the contextualized idea of a "knockout blow to the existing administration within a state". One early use within text translated from French was in 1785, in a printed translation of a letter from a French merchant, commenting on an arbitrary decree or "arrêt" issued by the French king, restricting the import of British wool.〔''Norfolk Chronicle'', 13 August 1785: “It is thought here by some, that it is a ''Coup d'Etat'' played off as a prelude to a disagreeable after-piece. But I can confidently assure you, that the above-mentioned arret was promulgated in consequence of innumerable complaints and murmurs which have found their way to the ears of the Sovereign. Our merchants contend, that they experience the greatest difficulties in trading with the English.”〕 What may be its first published use within a text ''composed'' in English, is in an editor's note in the London ''Morning Chronicle'', 7 January 1802, reporting the arrest by Napoleon in France, of Moreau, Berthier, Masséna, and Bernadotte:
In post-Revolutionary France, the phrase came to be used to describe the various murders by Napoleon's hated secret police, the Gens d'Armes d'Elite, who murdered the Duke of Enghien: ...the actors in torture, the distributors of the poisoning draughts, and the secret executioners of those unfortunate individuals or families, whom Bonaparte’s measures of safety require to remove. In what revolutionary tyrants call ''grand''()'' coups d'état'', as butchering, or poisoning, or drowning, ''en masse'', they are exclusively employed. Since an unsuccessful coup d'état in 1920 (the Kapp Putsch), the Swiss-German word ''Putsch'' (pronounced (:pʊtʃ), coined for the Züriputsch of 1839), also denotes the same politico-military actions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Coup d'état」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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